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Nietzsche
Nietzsche began work as a philologist and developed a comprehensive philosophical worldview, spanning many disciplines, throughout his career. He famously argued that “God is Dead;” he analyzed a proposed genealogy that splits between ‘master’ and ‘slave’ morality; he critiqued the conception of truth to argue for his ‘perspectivism;’ He identified the fundamental drive in humans as the ‘will to power’ and the corresponding ‘Übermensch’ as the epitome of the expression of the will to power; and offered the ‘eternal recurrence’ as a way to test the ‘life affirmation’ we practice in our own lives.

His most famous work is Thus Spoke Zarathustra, but all of his works have a significant place in formulating his philosophy.
Works:
The Birth of Tragedy (1872) - A dive into the origins of Greek Tragedy and culture. He introduces the idea of the shared ‘Dionysian’ and ‘Apollonian’ impulses that guided the ancient Greeks.
Human, All Too Human (1878) - A book for free spirits, A series of aphorisms critiquing morality and championing reason and science.
The Untimely Meditations (1876) - A series of essays, including commentary on Schopenhauer, on Richard Wagner, David Strauss, and a critique on historicism.
Daybreak (1881) - A campaign against morality, and a look into the psychological underpinnings of historical ethics and human nature.
The Gay Science (1882) - An introduction to the Nietzsche’s purported “death of God,” and to life affirmation and the eternal recurrence.
Thus Spoke Zarathustra (1883-1885) - Widely considered his magnum opus. A story of the prophet Zarathustra descending unto earth. An exploration into the Übermensch and the will to power.
Beyond Good and Evil (1886) - Another scathing critique of morality (quite common in Nietzsche) which argues against the all-too-common reductionist labels of “opposites,” whether in politics, religion, or ethics.
On the Genealogy of Morals (1887) - A look at ‘master’ and ‘slave’ moralities as well as their origins and histories.
The Case of Wagner (1888) - A commentary on an old friend (who was dead by the time of publishing) that Nietzsche had a long and rocky relationship with–the composer Richard Wagner.
The Antichrist (1895) - Nietzsche's most fervid critique of Christianity.
On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense (1896) - Published by Nietzsche's sister. It argues primarily against the moral framing of truth and lying, as well as against the objectivity of truth itself.
Nietzsche Contra Wagner (1888, published 1895) - Yet another commentary on Richard Wagner, finalizing his beliefs in print for closure.
Ecce Homo (1888, published 1908) - Nietzsche’s autobiography. Immodestly and amorally, he reflects and commentates on the works of his life.
The Will to Power (1901 / Posthumous) - A collection of unpublished works, purported by Nietzsche’s sister as his magnum opus.